With the aid of examples, we will learn about the various operators in C++ in this tutorial. An operator in programming is a symbol that performs an operation on a value or variable.
Operator symbols perform operations on values and variables. For instance, the operators + and – are used for addition and subtraction, respectively.
Six categories can be used to categorize operators in C++:
- Arithmetic Operators
- Relational Operators
- Logical Operators
- Bitwise Operators
- Assignment Operators
- Other Operators
Without the use of operators, the C programming language cannot function fully.
Arithmetic Operators in C++
Arithmetic operators are used to performing operations on variables and data. For instance,
x + y;
Here, the two variables x and y are added using the + operator. Similar to this, C++ has a number of other Arithmetic operators.
Operator | Name | Description | Example |
+ | Addition | Adds together two values | x + y |
– | Subtraction | Subtracts one value from another | x – y |
* | Multiplication | Multiplies two values | x * y |
/ | Division | Divides one value by another | x / y |
% | Modulus | Returns the division remainder | x % y |
++ | Increment | Increases the value of a variable by 1 | ++x |
— | Decrement | Decreases the value of a variable by 1 | –x |
EXAMPLE:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a, b;
a = 66;
b = 44;
//Program by GeektoCode
// printing the sum of a and b
cout << "a + b = " << (a + b) << endl;
// printing the difference of a and b
cout << "a - b = " << (a - b) << endl;
// printing the product of a and b
cout << "a * b = " << (a * b) << endl;
// printing the division of a by b
cout << "a / b = " << (a / b) << endl;
// printing the modulo of a by b
cout << "a % b = " << (a % b) << endl;
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
a + b = 110
a - b = 22
a * b = 2904
a / b = 1
a % b = 22
Increment and Decrement Operators
Additionally, the increment and decrement operators in C++ are ++ and –, respectively.
- ++ increases the operand’s value by 1;
- –decreases it by 1.
Assignment Operators in C++
Assignment operators are used in C++ to give variable values. For instance,
// assign 10 to aa =
10;
The variable a has been given a value of 10 in this instance.
Operator | Example | Equivalent to |
= | a = b; | a = b; |
+= | a += b; | a = a + b; |
-= | a -= b; | a = a – b; |
*= | a *= b; | a = a * b; |
/= | a /= b; | a = a / b; |
%= | a %= b; | a = a % b; |
EXAMPLE:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a, b;
// 66 is assigned to a
a = 66;
// 88 is assigned to b
b = 88;
cout << "a = " << a << endl;
cout << "b = " << b << endl;
cout << "\nAfter a += b;" << endl;
// assigning the sum of a and b to a
a += b; // a = a +b
cout << "a = " << a << endl;
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
a = 66
b = 88
After a += b;
a = 154
Relational Operators in C++
To examine the connection between two operands, use a relational operator. For instance,
// checks if a is greater than b
a > b;
An example of a relational operator is >. It determines whether or not a is greater than b.
Returning 1 in the case of a true relationship and 0 in the case of a false relationship
Operator | Name | Example |
== | Equal to | x == y |
!= | Not equal | x != y |
> | Greater than | x > y |
< | Less than | x < y |
>= | Greater than or equal to | x >= y |
<= | Less than or equal to | x <= y |
EXAMPLE:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
int a, b;
a = 6;
b = 2;
bool result;
//GeektoCode
result = (a == b); // false
cout << "3 == 5 is " << result << endl;
result = (a != b); // true
cout << "3 != 5 is " << result << endl;
result = a > b; // false
cout << "3 > 5 is " << result << endl;
result = a < b; // true
cout << "3 < 5 is " << result << endl;
result = a >= b; // false
cout << "3 >= 5 is " << result << endl;
result = a <= b; // true
cout << "3 <= 5 is " << result << endl;
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
3 == 5 is 0
3 != 5 is 1
3 > 5 is 1
3 < 5 is 0
3 >= 5 is 1
3 <= 5 is 0
Decision-making and loops both use relational operators.
logical operators in C++
Logical operators are used to determining whether an expression is true or false. When an expression is true, it gives a result of 1, while when it is false, it gives a result of 0.
Operator | Example | Meaning |
&& | expression1 && expression2 | Logical AND. True only if all the operands are true. |
|| | expression1 || expression2 | Logical OR. True if at least one of the operands is true. |
! | !expression | Logical NOT. True only if the operand is false. |
Logical operators are frequently used in decision-making in C++. Let’s look at the following examples to help you better understand the logical operators:
EXAMPLE:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
bool result;
result = (7 != 5) && (3 < 5); // true
cout << "(7 != 5) && (3 < 5) is " << result << endl;
result = (7 == 5) && (3 < 5); // false
cout << "(7 == 5) && (3 < 5) is " << result << endl;
result = (3 == 5) && (3 > 5); // false
cout << "(3 == 5) && (3 > 5) is " << result << endl;
result = (7 != 5) || (3 < 5); // true
cout << "(7 != 5) || (3 < 5) is " << result << endl;
result = (3 != 5) || (3 > 5); // true
cout << "(3 != 5) || (3 > 5) is " << result << endl;
result = (2 == 5) || (3 > 5); // false
cout << "(2 == 5) || (3 > 5) is " << result << endl;
result = !(5 == 2); // true
cout << "!(5 == 2) is " << result << endl;
result = !(5 == 5); // false
cout << "!(5 == 5) is " << result << endl;
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
(7 != 5) && (3 < 5) is 1
(7 == 5) && (3 < 5) is 0
(3 == 5) && (3 > 5) is 0
(7 != 5) || (3 < 5) is 1
(3 != 5) || (3 > 5) is 1
(2 == 5) || (3 > 5) is 0
!(5 == 2) is 1
!(5 == 5) is 0
Bitwise Operators in C++
Bitwise operators are used in C++ to carry out operations on specific bits. Only char and int data types can be used with them.
Operator | Description |
& | Binary AND |
| | Binary OR |
^ | Binary XOR |
~ | Binary One’s Complement |
<< | Binary Shift Left |
>> | Binary Shift Right |
EXAMPLE:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
//geektocode
int main() {
int a = 44, b = 76;
cout<< "a = " << a << endl;
cout<< "b = " << b << endl;
cout<< "a | b = " << (a | b) << endl;
return 0;
}
OUTPUT:
a = 44
b = 76
a | b = 108
Other C++ Operators
Here is a list of some additional popular C++ operators. Later tutorials will cover them in detail.
Operator | Description | Example |
sizeof | returns the size of data type | sizeof(int); // 4 |
?: | returns value based on the condition | string result = (10 > 0) ? “even” : “odd”; // “even” |
& | represents memory address of the operand | # // address of num |
. | accesses members of struct variables or class objects | s1.marks = 92; |
-> | used with pointers to access the class or struct variables | ptr->marks = 92; |
<< | prints the output value | cout << 5; |
>> | gets the input value | cin >> num; |